The 4-question knowledge audit used by Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Churchill, the famous politician, used a 4-question Knowledge Audit to analyse the knowledge flow when things went wrong.

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Sir Winston Churchill hated being surprised, particularly by bad news.  He expected to receive an efficient flow of information and knowledge, and when he did not get the knowledge, he used a 4-question knowledge audit to determine where the knowledge flow was blocked.

According to Karl Weick and Kathleen Sutcliffe,  the authors of "Managing the Unexpected",

"Winston Churchill provides a good example of ... self-conscious auditing. During world war two, Churchill made the terrible discovery that Singapore was much more vulnerable to a Japanese land invasion than he first thought. Reflecting on this unexpected discovery, Churchill commented in his history of the war, “I ought to have known. My advisers ought to have known, and I ought to have been told, and I ought to have asked”. Churchill’s audit consisted of four questions:

• Why didn’t I know? 
• Why didn’t my advisers know?
• Why wasn’t I told?
• Why didn’t I ask?”

This concept of a leadership Knowledge Audit is a very powerful one. This blog has often discussed the knowledge bubble that leaders can get into, where they hear only what they want to hear, and are told only what people think they want to be told (Vladimir Putin springs to mind). This can be a disastrous situation for a leader. 

Even more of a risk is that a leader can create systems in the organisation which are almost designed to create nasty surprises.

Weick and Sutcliffe quote the example of the ferry boat “Herald of Free Enterprise” which sank offshore Belgium in 1987 with the loss of 193 lives. It sank because the bow doors had never been closed, it had not been ready for sea, but had put to sea nonetheless. Somehow the message "Do not leave the harbour; the bows door are open" had never reached the vessel's Master. Let's analyse why not.

 The standing orders for “Readiness for Sea” were as follows.

“Heads of department are to report to the Master immediately if they are aware of any deficiency which is likely to cause their departments to be unready for sea in any respect at the due sailing time. In the absence of any such reports the Master will assume, at the due sailing time, that the vessel is ready for sea in all respects”. 

Weick and Sutcliffe notes that this order fails Churchill’s knowledge audit in two ways.

• Firstly the heads of departments weren't required to be aware that the vessel was seaworthy, only to report if they know that it wasn't ("Why didn't my advisors know"?). 
• Secondly, if the Master heard nothing, he didn’t ask “where’s the report” - he just put to sea ("Why didn't I ask?"). 

In fact the person in charge of closing the bow doors had fallen asleep, and the reporting chain (which relied on reporting unreadiness, not readiness) had failed.  The advisors didn't know, and didn't ask. They told the Master nothing, and the Master didn't ask either. The Master was in an knowledge bubble - and the result was disaster.

For those of you concerned with the effective transfer of knowledge up the hierarchy - up the chain of command - consider Churchill’s Knowledge Audit, and audit each person's knowledge supply using the four questions

• Would I know? 
• Would my advisers know? 
• Would I be told? 
• Would I ask?”

These 4 questions could just avert leadership disaster